注释（第2/16页）
[24] Kloppenberg, Toward Democracy, 21– 60.
[25] Clarendon, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, Begun in the Year 1641.
[26] Schmitt, Ex Captivitate Salus, 56 (“Der Bürgerkrieg hat etwas besonders Grausames. Er ist ein Bruderkrieg, weil er innerhalb einer gemeinsamen…politischen Einheit … geführt wird, und weil beide kämpfenden Seiten diese gemeinsame Einheit gleichzeitig absolut behaupten und absolut verneinen”).
[27] U.S. Department of War, War of the Rebellion.
[28] Gingrich, quoted in Stauffer, “Civility, Civil Society, and Civil Wars,” 88.
[29] “Pour Valls, le FN peut conduire à la‘ guerre civile,’” Le Monde, Dec. 11, 2015: “Il y a deux options pour notre pays. Il y a une option qui est celle de l’extrême droite qui, au fond, prône la pision. Cette pision peut conduire à la guerre civile et il y a une autre vision qui est celle de la République et des valeurs, qui est le rassemblement.”
[30] Brass, Theft of an Idol, 3–20; Kalyvas, “Ontology of ‘Political Violence’”;Kalyvas, “Promises and Pitfalls of an Emerging Research Program”; Kissane and Sitter, “Ideas in Conflict.”
[31] Kaldor, New and Old Wars; Kalyvas, “‘New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars”;Münkler, New Wars.
[32] Geuss, “Nietzsche and Genealogy”; Bevir, “What Is Genealogy?”
[33] Skinner, “Genealogy of the Modern State,” 325.
[34] Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality, 51.
[35] Ibid., 53 (my emphasis).
[36] Gallie, “Essentially Contested Concepts”; Collier, Hidalgo, and Maciuceanu,“Essentially Contested Concepts.”
[37] Gallie, preface to Philosophy and the Historical Understanding, 8–9.
[38] Kalyvas, “Civil Wars,” 417.
[39] For helpful overviews, see Sambanis, “Review of Recent Advances and Future Directions in the Literature on Civil War”; Collier and Sambanis,Understanding Civil War; Blattman and Miguel, “Civil War.”
[40] Uppsala Conflict Data Program (1948—present), http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/UCDP/.
[41] The Correlates of War Project, http://www.correlatesofwar.org/; Small and Singer, Resort to Arms; Gleditsch, “Revised List of Wars Between and Within Independent States, 1816—2002”; Sarkees and Wayman, Resort to War; Reiter,Stam, and Horowitz, “Revised Look at Interstate Wars, 1816—2007.”
[42] Dixon, “What Causes Civil Wars?,” 730; Lounsberry and Pearson, Civil Wars,viii; Newman, Understanding Civil Wars.
[43] Though for a recent exception, spanning the centuries from ancient Rome to Afghanistan, see Armitage et al., “AHR Roundtable: Ending Civil Wars.”
[44] Guldi and Armitage, History Manifesto; Armitage et al., “La longue durée en débat.”
[45] Armitage, “What’s the Big Idea?”; Mc Mahon, “Return of the History of Ideas?”; Mc Mahon, Divine Fury, xiii.
[46] Mc Mahon, Happiness; Mc Mahon, Divine Fury; Forst, Toleration in Conflict; Rosenfeld, Common Sense; Fitzmaurice, Sovereignty, Property, and Empire,1500—2000; Kloppenberg, Toward Democracy.
[47] Fitzmaurice, Sovereignty, Property, and Empire, 1500—2000, 20; Dubos, Le mal extrême.
[48] De Rouen and Heo, Civil Wars of the World. 这是一个更易于把握的主题概要。
[49] Manicas, “War, Stasis, and Greek Political Thought”; Berent, “Stasis, or the Greek Invention of Politics.”
[50] Gardet, “Fitna”; As-Sirri, Religiös-politische Argumentation im fruhen Islam(610—685); Ayalon, “From Fitna to Thawra”; Martinez-Gross and Tixier du Mesnil, eds., “La fitna:Le désordre politique dans l’Islam médiéval.”
[51] Similar terms for “internal war” are found in Finnish, Persian, and Turkish.Kissane, Nations Torn Asunder, 39.
[52] Armitage, “Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War.”
[53] Armitage, “Cosmopolitanism and Civil War.”
第一章 发明内战 罗马传统
[1] Loraux, Divided City, trans. Pache and Fort, 108.
[2] Nicolet, Demokratia et aristokratia; Wiedemann, “Reflections of Roman Political Thought in Latin Historical Writing,” 519.