第四部分进一步阅读书目

试图解释人类近期历史总体方向的著作包括:Daniel Chirot,Social Change in the Twentieth Century(New York,1977);Angus Maddison,Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development:A Long Run Comparative View(Oxford,1991);Joseph M.Kitagawa,The Quest for Human Unity:A Religious History(Minneapolis,1990);Trevor I.Williams, Science:A History of Discovery in the Twentieth Century(New York,1990);Kenneth Boulding, The Meaning of the Twentieth Century:The Great Transition (New York,1964);William H.McNeill,The Human Condition:An Ecological and Historical View(Princeton,1980);Alfred W.Crosby,Ecological Imperialism:The Biological Expansion of Europe,900~1900(Cambridge,1986);B.L.Turner II,ed.,The Earth as Transformed by Human Action:Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past300 Years(Cambridge,1990);Norbert Wiener,The Human Use of Human Beings,Cybernetics and Society(Garden City,N.Y.,1954);和Alfred D.Chandler,Jr.,Scale and Scope:The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism(Cambridge,Mass.,1990)。

国际政治由下列著作进行了富有洞见的论述:A.J.P.Tailor,The Struggle for Mastery in Europe,1848~1918(Oxford,1987);Norman Rich,Great Power Diplomacy,1814~1914(New York,1992);Paul M.Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of the Great Power:Economic Change and Military Conflict from1500 to2000 (New York,1989);Hugh Tinker,Race,Conflict and the International Order:From Empire to United Nations(London,1977);和Walter A.McDougall,The Heavens and the Earth:A Political History of the Space Age(New York,1985)。

关于帝国主义,经典的马克思主义解释见Vladimir I.Lenin,Imperialism,The Highest Stage of Capitalism(New York,1939)。关于其他观点,见:Wolfgang J.Mommsen,Theories of Imperialism(Chicago,1982);Woodruff D.Smith,European Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries(Chicago,1982);Daniel R.Headrick,The Tools of Empire:Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century(New York,1981);和Philip Darby,Three Faces of Imperialism:British and American Approaches to Asia and Africa,1870~1970(New Haven,Conn.,1987)。

关于战争,值得推荐的书目包括:Theodore J.Ropp,War in the Modern World,rev.ed.(New York,1962);Michael Howard,War in European History(Oxford,976);William H.McNeill,Pursuit of Power:Technology,Armed Force,and Society since A.D.1000(Chicago,1982);和Raymond Aron,The Century of Total War(Boston,1955)。关于一战的序幕,见Laurence Lafore,The Long Fuse:An Interpretation of the Origins of World War I(Philadelphia,1965),和Fritz Fischer,Germanys Arms in the First World War(New York,1967)特别有趣。关于第一次世界大战,见Marc Ferro,The Great War,1914~1918(New York,1989);Barbara Tuchman,The Guns of August(New York,1982);和 Gerd Hartach,The First World War1914~1918(Berkeley,1981)。

关于俄国革命,John Reed,Ten Days That Shock the World(New York,1992)是一名富有激情的记者的经典而富有同情心的现场描述。Leon Trosky, History of the Russian Revolution,3 vols.(London,1932~1933;reissue,New York,1980),是一部由十月革命宣传家之一撰写的卓越的、富有见地的历史著作。关于其他观点,见Edward Acton,Rethinking the Russian Revolution(London,1990);E.H.Carr,The Bolshevik Revolution,1917~1923, 3vols.(London,1985);John L.H.Keep,The Russian Revolution:A Study in Mass Mobilization(New York,1976);和Allan K.Wildman,The End of the Russian Imperial Army,2 vols.(Princeton,1980~1987).关于苏维埃社会和政府,Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge:The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism,rev.ed.(New York,1989),是从俄国内部发出的强烈批评观点。局外人的评估包括:Robert C.Tucker,Stalin in Power:The Revolution from Above(New York,1990);Adam B.Ulam,Stalin:The Man and His Era,rev.ed.(Boston,1989);和Alec Nove,An Economic History of the USSR,1917~1991,3rded.(Harmondsworth,1992)。