第二部分进一步阅读书目

依笔者拙见,世界历史从公元前500年到公元1500年的整个时段属于一种膨胀的“中世纪”,夹在文明形成的基本阶段与1500年后西方开始占据支配地位之间。这种分期与传统的世界历史分期背道而驰,传统分期把这里放在同一个阶段的历史以大约公元400年为界,分别划分到古典和中世纪两个阶段。然而,传统的年代顺序遇到世界其他地区的历史时,就显得非常尴尬,因此,最好的方法似乎是只能按地区列举名称,而不要按照任何年代顺序。

欧洲。大多数古典作品已经被翻译成英语并且收在洛布古典丛书里了,与原著的希腊语和拉丁语逐页对照。此外,更重要的作家还有其他译本,而且常常由于我缺乏足够的知识而无法推荐任何作家的特定版本,如埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、阿里斯托芬、希罗多德、修昔底德、普鲁塔克、李维、塔西佗、柏拉图、亚里士多德、西塞罗和其他同样持续受欢迎的作家等。但是,任何好奇的学生都将被要求尽快熟悉这些作家,因为他们是西方文明的主要源泉之一。

在现代学者中,选择就更显得武断而困难了。两部优秀的标准教材是:J.B.Bury,History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great,4th ed.(London,1975);和Max Cary,History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine the Great,2nd ed.(London,1954)。Gisela M.A.Richter,Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks,rev.ed.(New York,1950)是另一部标准的权威著作;Moses Hadas,History of Greek Literature(New York,1950)对他的主题进行了优雅的概述。关于经济史,参见F.M.Heichelheim,Ancient Economic History,3 vols.(New York,1958);M.I.Rostovtseff,The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World,3 vols.(Oxford,1941);同一作者的更加充满激情的Social and Economic History of Roman Empire,revised by P.M.Fraser 2nd ed.,2 vols.(Oxford,1957);Tenny Frank et al.,eds.,An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome,5 vols.(Baltimore,1933~40);A.H.M.Jones,The Greek City:From Alexander to Justinian(Oxford,1940);K.D.White,Roman Farming(Ithaca,N.Y.,1970);M.I.Finley,The Ancient Economy(Berkeley,1973);和Ernst Badian,Publicians and Sinners:Private Enterprise in the Service of the Roman Republic(Ithaca,N.Y.,1972)。关于军事和政治事件的特定方面,下列著作特别有趣:A.R.Burn,Persia and the Greeks:The Defence of the West(New York,1962);H.W.Parke,Greek Mercenry Soldiers(Oxford,1933);A.H.M.Jones,Athenian Democracy(Oxford,1957);Sir Ronald Syme,The Roman Revolution(Oxford,1939);J.R.Hamilton,Alexander the Great(London,1973);F.E.Peters,The Harvest of Hellenism:A History of the Near East from Alexander the Great to the Triumph of Christianity(New York,1970);Ernst Badian,Roman Imperialism in the Late Republic(Oxford,1968);Fergus Millar,The Emperor in the Roman World,31 B.C.~A.D.337(Ithaca,N.Y.,1977);Ramsey Macmullen,Roman Social Relations,50 B.C.~A.D.284(New Haven,1974)。还有其他三部著作可以在这里推荐:Marshall Clagett,Greek Science in Antiquity(New York,1956);W.W.Tarn and G.T.Griffith,Hellenistic Civilization,3rded.(London,1952);和Georges Dumezil,Archaic Roman Religion(Chicago,1970)。

早期基督教本身就是一个主题。古典学家的两部杰出著作是:C.N.Cochrane,Christianity and Classical Culture(New York,1944);和Arnaldo Momigliano,ed.,The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century(Oxford,1963)。William A.Chaney,The Cult of Kingship in Anglo-Saxon England:The Transition from Paganism to Christianity(Berkeley,1970)对一个重要的过渡时期的连续性和断裂性进行了论述。对早期基督教总体论述的优秀著作有:Kenneth Scott Latourette,A History of the Expansion of Christianitiy I:The First Five Centuries(New York,1937);Robert M.Grant,Historical Introduction to the New Testament(New York,1963);和Rudolf Karl Bultmann,Primitive Christianity in Its Comtemporary Setting(London,1956)。有趣的更专门性主题如下:A.D.Nock,Conversion,The Old and the New in Religion from Alexander the Great to Augustine of Hippo(London,1933);J.M.Allegro,The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of Christianity(New York,1957);Jean Doresse,Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics(New York,1960);和Peter Brown,Augustine of Hippo(Berkeley,1967)。Salo W.Baron,A Social and Religious History of the Jews,2nd ed.,8 vols.(New York,1952~58),是研究早期基督教非常有用的配套著作。